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1.3. Pharmacognosy
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Theory (75 hours)
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1. |
Definitions, history and scope of Pharmacognosy including indigenous system of
medicine. |
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2. |
Various systems of classification of drugs of natural origin. |
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3. |
Adulteration and drug evaluation; significance of Pharmacopoeial standards. |
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4. |
Brief outline of occurrence, distribution, outline of isolation, identification
tests,therapeutic effects and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids,
terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and resins. |
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5. |
Occurrence, distribution, organoleptic evaluation, chemical constituents
including tests wherever applicable and therapeutic efficacy of following
categories of drugs. |
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(a) |
Laxatives: Aloes, Rhuhurb, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna. |
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(b) |
Cardio tonics - Digitalis, Arjuna. |
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(c) |
Carminatives & G. I. Regulators - Umbelliferous fruits, Coriander, Fennel,
Ajowan, Cardamom, Ginger, Black Pepper, Asafoetida, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove. |
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(d) |
Astringents - Catechu |
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(e) |
Drugs acting on nervous system - Hyoseyamus, Belladonna, Aconite, Ashwagandha,
Ephedra, Opium, Cannabis, Nux vomica. |
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(f) |
Antihypertensives - Rauwolfia. |
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(g) |
Antitussives - Vasaka, Tolu balsam, Tulsi. |
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(h) |
Antirheumatics - Guggul, Colchicum. |
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(i) |
Antitumour - Vinca |
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(j) |
Antileprotics - Chaulmoogra Oil. |
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(k) |
Antidiabetics - Pterocarpus, Gymnema, Sylvestro. |
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(l) |
Diuretics - Gokhru, Punarnava. |
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(m) |
Antidysentries - Ipecacuanha. |
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(n) |
Antiseptics and disinfectants Benzoin, Myrrh. Nim, curcuma. |
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(o) |
Antimalarials - Cinchona |
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(p) |
Oxytocics - Ergot. |
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(q) |
Vitamines - Shark liver oil and Amla. |
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(r) |
Enzymes - Papaya diastase, Yeast |
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(s) |
Perfumes and flavouring agents - Peppermint Oil, Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Lemon
grass Oil, Sandalwood. |
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(t) |
Pharmaceutical aids - Honey, Arachis Oil, Starch, Kaolin, PectinOlive Oil,
Lanolin, Bees wax, Acacia,Tragacanth, Sodium alginate, Agar, Guar gum, Gelatin. |
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(u) |
Miscellaneous-Liquorice, Garlic, Picrorhiza, Dioscorea, Linseed, Shatavari,
Shankupushpi, Pyrethrum, Tobacco. |
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6. |
Collection and preparation of crude drug for the amrketas exemplified by Ergot,
opium, Rauwolfia, Digitals, Senna. |
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7. |
Study of source, preparation and identification of fibres used in sutures and
surgical dressings-cotton, silk, wool and regenertated fibre. |
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8. |
Gross anatomical studies of Senna, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona, Fennel, Clove,
Ginger, Nuxvomica and Ipecacuanha. |
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Practical (75 hours)
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1. |
Identification of drug by morphological characters. |
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2. |
Physical and chemical tests for evaluation of drugs wherever applicable. |
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3. |
Gross anatomical Studies (t.s) of the following drugs: Senna, Datura, Cinnamon,
Cinchona, Coriander, Fennel, Clove, Ginger, Nuxvomica, Ipecacuanha. |
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4. |
Identification of fibres and surgical dressings. |
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1.4. Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology
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Theory (50 hours)
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11. |
Introduction to biochemistry. |
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2. |
Brief chemistry and role of proteins, polypeptides and amino acids,
classification, Qualitative tests, Biological Value, Deficiency diseases. |
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3. |
Brief chemistry and role of Carbohydrates, classification, Qualitative tests.
Diseases related to carbohydrate metabolism. |
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4. |
Brief chemistry and role of Lipids, Classification, Qualitative tests. Diseases
related to lipids metabolism. |
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5. |
Brief chemistry and role of Vitamins and Coenzymes. |
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6. |
Role of minerals and water in life processes. |
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7. |
Enzymes: Brief concept of enzymic action. Factors affecting it. Therapeutic
and pharmaceutical importance. |
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8. |
Brief concept of normal and abnormal metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and
lipids. |
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9. |
Introduction to pathology of blood and urine. |
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(a) Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and
disease.
(b) Erythrocytes Abnormal cells and their significance.
(c) Abnormal constituents of urine and their significance in diseases.
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Practical (75 hours)
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11. |
Detection and identification of Proteins, Amino acids, Carbohydrates and lipids.
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2. |
Analysis of normal and abnormal constituents of Blood and Urine (Glucose, Urea,
Creatine, Creatinine, Cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase,
Bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, Calcium, Diastase, Lipase). |
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3. |
Examination of sputum and faeces (microscopic and staining). |
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4. |
Practice in injecting drugs by intramuscular, subcutaneous routes. Withdrawal
of blood samples. |
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1.5. Human Anatomy and Physiology
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Theory (75 hours)
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11. |
Scope of Anatomy and Physiology. Definition of various terms used in Anatomy. |
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2. |
Structure of cell, function of its components with special reference to
mitochondria and microsomes. |
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3. |
Elementary tissues of the body. I.e. epithelial tissue, muscular tissue,
connective tissue and nervous tissue. |
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4. |
Structure and function of skeleton. Classification of joints and their
function, Joint disorder. |
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5. |
Composition of blood, functions of blood elements. Blood group and coagulation
of blood. Brief information regarding disorders of blood. |
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6. |
Name and functions of lymph glands. |
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7. |
Structure and functions of various parts of the heart. Arterial and venous
system with special reference to the names and positions of main arteries and
veins. Blood pressure and its recording. Brief information about
cardiovascular disorders |
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8. |
Various parts of respiratory system and their functions. Physiology of
respiration. |
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9. |
Various parts of urinary system and functions of kidney. Physiology of Urine
formation. Pathophysiology of renal diseases and oedema |
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10. |
Structure of skeletal muscles. Physiology of muscle contraction. Names,
position, attachments and functions of various skeletal muscles. Physiology of
neuromuscular junction. |
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11. |
Various parts of central nervous system, brain and its parts, functions and
reflex action. Anatomy and Physiology of autonomic nervous system. |
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12. |
Elementary knowledge of structure and functions of the organs of taste, smell,
ear, eye and skin. Physiology of pain. |
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13. |
Digestive system; names of the various parts of digestive system and their
functions. Structure and functions of liver, physiology of digestion and
absorption. |
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14. |
Endocrine glands and Hormones. Locations of the glands, their hormone and
functions. Pituitary, thyroid, Adrenal and Pancreas. |
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15. |
Reproductive system - Physiology and Anatomy of Reproductive system. |
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Practical (50 Hours)
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11. |
Study of the human skeleton |
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2. |
Study with the help of charts and models of the following systems and organs: |
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(a) Igestive system
(b) Respiratory system
(c) Cardiovascular system
(d) Urinary system
(e) Reproductive system
(f) Nervous system
(g) Eye
(h) Ear.
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3. |
Microscopic examination of epithelial tissue, cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle,
skeletal muscle. Connective tissue and nervous tissues. |
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4. |
Examinations of blood films for TLC, DLC and malarial parasite. |
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5. |
Determination of clotting time of blood, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and
Haemoglobin value. |
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6. |
Recording of body temperature, pulse, heart rate, blood pressure and ECG. |
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1.6. Health Education and Community Pharmacy
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Theory (50 hours)
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11. |
Concept of health - Definition of physical health, mental health, social health,
Spiritual health determinants of health, indicators of health, concept of
disease, natural history of diseases, the disease agents, concept of prevention
of diseases.
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2. |
Nutrition and health - Classification of foods requirements, disease induced due
to deficiency of proteins, Vitamins and minerals - treatment and prevention. |
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3. |
Demography and family planning - Demography cycle, fertility, family planning,
contraceptive methods, behavioural methods, natural family planning method,
chemical methods, mechanical methods, hormonal contraceptives, population
problems of India. |
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4. |
First aid - Emergency treatment in shock, snake - bite, burns poisoning, heart
disease, fractures and resuscitation methods. Elements of minor surgery and
dressings. |
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5. |
Environment and health - Sources of water supply, water pollution, purification
of water, health and air, noise light - solid waste disposal and control -
medical entomology, arthropod borne diseases and their control, rodents, animals
and diseases. |
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6. |
Fundamental principles of microbiology classification of microbes, isolation,
staining techniques of organisms of common diseases. |
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7. |
Communicable diseases - Causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention. |
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(a)Respiratory infections - Chicken pox, measles,
Influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough and tuberculosis.
(b) Intestinal infections: Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Cholera, Typhoid,
Food poisoning, Hookworm infection.
(c)Arthropod borne infections - Plague, Malaria, Filariasis.
(d) Surface infections - Rabies, Trachoma, Tetanus, Leprosy.
(e) Sexually transmitted disease - Syphilis, Gonorrhoea. AIDS |
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8. |
Non-communicable diseases - Causative agents, prevention, care and control:
Cancer, Diabetes, Blindness, Cardiovascular diseases. |
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9. |
Epidemiology - Its scope, methods, uses, dynamics of disease transmission,
immunity and immunization: Immunological products and their dose schedule.
Principles of disease control and prevention, hospital acquired infection,
prevention and control. Disinfection, types of disinfection, disinfection
procedures, for faeces, urine, sputum, room linen, dead-bodies, instruments. |
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2.1. Pharmaceutics II
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Theory (75 hours)
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11. |
Dispensing Pharmacy: |
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(i) Prescriptions - Reading and understanding of
prescription; Latin terms commonly used (Detailed study is not necessary),
Modern methods of prescribing, adoption of metric system. Calculations involved
in dispensing
(ii) Incompatibilities in Prescriptions - Study of various types
Incompatibilities - physical, chemical and therapeutic.
(iii) Posology - Dose and Dosage of drugs, Factors influencing dose,
Calculations of dosage on the basis of age, sex and surface area. Veterinary
doses. |
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2. |
Dispensed Medications
(Note: A detailed study of the following
dispensed medication is necessary. Methods of preparation with theoretical and
practical aspects use of appropriate containers and closures. Special
labelling requirements and storage conditions should be highlighted).
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(i) Powders - Types of powders - Advantages
and disadvantages of powders, Granules, Cachets and Tablet triturates.
Preparation of different types of powders encounters in prescriptions.
Weighing methods, possible errors in weighing, minimum weighable amounts and
weighing of material below the minimum weighable amount, geometric dilution and
proper usage and care of dispensing balance.
(ii) Liquid Oral Dosage Forms:
(a) Monophasic - Theoretical aspects including commonly
used vehicles, essential adjuvant like stabilizers, colourants and flavours and
flavours with examples.
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Review of the following monophasic liquids with details of formulation and
practical methods. |
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Liquids for internal administration |
Liquids for external administration or
used on mucus membranes |
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Mixtures and concentrates
Syrups
Elixirs
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Gargles
Mouth washes, Throat – paints,
Douches, Ear Drops, Nasal Drops &
Sprays, Liniments, Lotions
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(b) Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms:
(i) Suspensions (elementary study) - Suspensions containing diffusible solids
and liquids and their preparations. Study of the adjuvants used like thickening
agents, wetting agents, their necessity and quantity to be incorporated.
Suspensions of precipitate forming liquids like tinctures, their preparations
and stability. Suspensions produced by chemical reaction. An introduction to
flocculated, non- flocculated suspension system.
(ii) Emulsions - Types of emulsions, identification of emulsion system,
formulation of emulsion system, formulation of emulsions, selection of
emulsifying agents, Instabilities in emulsions. Preservation of emulsions.
(iii) Semi - Solid Dosage Forms
(a) Ointments - Types of ointments, classification and selection of
dermatological vehicles. Preparation and stability of ointments by the
following processes:
(i) Trituration (ii) Fusion (iii) Chemical reaction (iv) Emulsification
(b) Pastes - Difference between ointments and pastes, bases of pastes.
Preparation of pastes and their preservation.
(c) Jellies - An introduction to the different types of jellies and their
preparation.
(d) An elementary study of poultice.
(e) Suppositories and pessaries - Their relative merits and demerits, types of
suppositories, suppositories bases, classification, properties, Preparation and
packing of suppositories. Use of suppositories for drug absorption.
(iv) Dental and Cosmetic Preparations:
Introduction to Dentrifices, Facial cosmetics, Deodorants, Antiperspirants,
Shampoos, Hairdressings and Hair removes.
(v) Sterile Dosage Forms
(a) Parenteral dosage forms - Definitions, General requirements for parenteral
dosage forms. Types of parenteral formulations, vehicle, adjuvants, processing,
personnel, facilities and Quality control. Preparation of Intravenous fluids
and admixtures - Total parenteral nutrition, Dialysis fluids.
(b) Sterility testing, particulate matter monitoring - Faulty seal packaging.
(c) Ophthalmic Products - Study of essential characteristics of different
ophthalmic preparations. Formulation additives, special precautions in handling
and storage of ophthalmic products. |
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Practical (100 hours)
Dispensing of at least 100 products covering a wide range of preparations such
as mixtures, emulsions, lotions, liniments, E.N.T. preparations, ointments,
suppositories, powders, incompatible prescriptions etc. Books recommended:
(Latest editions)
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia
2. British Pharmacopoeia
3. National Formularies (N.F.I., B.N.F.).
4. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
5. Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia.
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2.2. Pharmaceutical Chemistry II
|
|
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Theory (100 hours)
|
|
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1. Introduction to the nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular
reference to heterocyclic system containing up to 3 rings.
2. The Chemistry of following Pharmaceutical organic compounds, covering their
nomenclature, chemical structure, uses and the important Physical and Chemical
properties (Chemical structure of only those compounds marked with asterisk (*).
The stability and storage conditions and the different type of Pharmaceutical
formulations of these drugs and their popular brand names.
Antiseptics and Disinfectants - Proflavine, * Benzal koniumchloride, Cetrimide,
Chlorocresol*, Chloroxylene, Formaldehyde solution, Hexachlorophene, Liquified
phenol, Nitrofurantoin.
Sulfonamides - Sulfadiazine, Sulfa guanidine*,
Phthalylsulfathiazole, Succinylsulfathiazole, Sulfadimethoxine,
Sulphamethoxyphridazine, Sulfamethoxazole, co-trimoxazole, Sulfacetamide*.
Antileprotic Drugs - Clofazimine, Thiambutosine, Dapsone*, Solapsone.
Anti-tubercular Drugs - Isoniazid*, PAS*, Streptomycine, Rifampicin,
Ethambutol*, Thiacetazone, Ethionamide, Cycloserine, Pyrazinamide*.
Antiamoebic and Anthelmintic Drugs - Emetine, Metronidazole*, Halogenated
hydroxyquinolines, diloxanidefuroate, Paramomycin Piperazine*, Mebendazole,
D.E.C.*.
Antibiotics - Benzyl Penisillin*, Phenoxy methyl
Penicillin*, Benzathine Penicillin, Ampicillin*, Cloxacillin, Carbenicillin,
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Cephalexin, Cephaloridine,
Cephalothin, Griseofulvin, Chloramphenicol.
Antifungal agents - Undecylenic acid,
Tolnaftate, Nastatin, Amphotericin,
Hamycin.
Antimalarial Drugs - Chloroquine*, Amodiaquine, Primaquine, Proguanil,
Pyrimethamine*, Quinine Trimethoprim.
Tranquilizers - Chlorpromazine*, Prochlorperazine, Trifluoperazine, Thiothixene,
Haloperidol*,
Triperidol, Oxypertine, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Lorazepam, Meprobamate.
Hypnotics:- Phenobarbitone*, Butobarbitone, Cyclobarbitone, Nitrazepam,
Glutethimide*, Methyprylone, Paraldehyde, Triclofos sodium.
General anaesthetics - Halothane*, Cyclopropane*, Diethyl ether*, Methohexital
sodium, Thiopental sodium, Trichloroethylene.
Antidepressant Drugs - Amitriptyline, Nortryptyline, Imipramine*, Phenelzine,
Tranylcypromine.
Analeptics - Theophylline, Caffeine*. Coramine* Dextroamphtamine.
Adrenergic Drugs - Adrenaline*. Noradrenaline, Isoprenaline*,
Phenylephrine, Salbutamol, Terbutaline, Ephedrine*, Pseudoephedrine.
Adrenergic Antagonist - Tolazoline, Propranolol*, Practolol.
Cholinergic Drugs - Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Pralidoxime, Pilocarpine,
Physostimine*.
Cholinergic Antagonists - Atropine*, Hyoscine, Homatropine, Propantheline*,
Benztropine, Tropicamide, Biperiden.*
Diuretic Drugs - Furosemide*, Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide*,
Benzthiazide, Urea*, Mannitol*, Ethacrynic Acid.
Cardiovascular Drugs - Ethyl nitrite*, Glyceryl trinitrate, Alpha methyldopa,
Guanethidine, Clofibrate, Quinidine.
Hypoglycemic Agents - Insulin, Chlorpropamide*,
Tolbutamide, Glibenclamide, Phenformin*, Metformin.
Coagulants and Anti- Coagulants - Heparine, Thrombin, Menadione*,
Bishydroxycoumarin, Warfarin Sodium.
Local Anaesthetics- Lignocaine*, Procaine*, Benzocaine.
Histamine and Anti-histaminic Agents- Histamine, Diphenhydramine*, Promethazine,
Cyproheptadine, Mepyramine, Pheniramine, Chlorpheniramine*.
Analgesics and Anti-pyretics - Morphin, Pethidine*, Codeine, Methadone,
Aspirin*, Paracetamol*, Analgin, Dextropropoxyphene. Pentazocine.
Non - steroidal anti-inflammatory Agents - Indomethacin*, phenylbutazone*,
Oxyphenbutazone, Ibuprofen, Thyroxine and Antithyroids - Thyroxine*,
Methimazole, Methylthiouracil, Propylthiouracil.
Diagnostic Agents - Iopanoic Acid, Propyliodone, Sulfobromophthalein.
Sodium Indigotindisulfonate, Indigo Carmine, Evans Blue, Congo Red, Fluorescein
Sodium.
*Anticonvulsants, cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmic antihypertensives &
vitamins.
Steroidal Drugs - Betamethazone, Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, prednisolone,
Progesterone, Testosterone, Oestradiol, Nadrolone.
Anti - Neoplasic Drugs - Actinomycins, Azathioprine, Busulphan, Chlorambucil,
Cisplatin cyclophosphamide, Daunorubicin hydrochloride, Fluorouracil,
Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate, Mytomycin.
Books Recommended: (Latest editions)
1. Pharmacopoeia of India.
2. British Pharmaceutical Codex.
3. Martindale The Extra
Pharmacopoeia.
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|
|
Practical (75 hours)
|
|
1. |
Systematic qualitative testing of organic drugs involving Solubility
determination, melting point and boiling point, detection of elements and
functional groups (10 compounds).
|
|
2. |
Official identification test for certain groups of drugs included in the I.P
like barbiturates, sulfonamides, phenothiazine, Antibiotics etc. (8 compounds). |
|
3. |
Preparation of three simple organic preparations. |
|
|
2.3. Pharmacology & Toxicology
|
|
|
Theory (75 hours)
|
|
|
1. Introduction to Pharmacology, scope of Pharmacology.
2. Routes of administration of drugs, their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Various processes of absorption of drugs and the factors
affecting them, Metabolism, distribution and excretion of drugs.
4. General mechanism of drugs action and the factors which modify drug
action.
5. Pharmacological classification of drugs. The discussion of drugs
should emphasise the following aspect:
(i) Drugs acting on the Central Nervous System:
(a) General anaestheies, adjunction to anaesthesia, intravenous anasesthetics
(b) Analgestic antipyretics and non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs,
Narcotic analgesics, Antirheumatic and antigout remedies, Sedatives and
Hypnotics, Psychopharmacological agents, anti convulsants, analeptics.
(c) Centrally acting muscle relaxants and anti parkinsonism agents.
(ii) Local anaesthetics.
(iii) Drug acting on autonomic nervous system.
(a) Cholinergic drug, Anticholinergic drugs, anticholinesterase drugs.
(b) Adrenergic drugs and adrenergic recepter blockers.
(c) Neurone blockers and ganglion blockers.
(d) Neuromuscular blockers, drugs used in myasthenia gravis.
(iv) Drugs acting on eye, mydriatics, drugs used in glaucoma.
(v) Drugs acting on respiratory system - Resiratory stimulants,
Bronchodilatiors, Nasal decongestants, Expectorants and Antitussive agents.
(vi) Antacids, Physiological role of histamine and serotonin, Histamine and
Antihistamines, Prostaglandins.
(vii) Cardio Vascular drugs, Cardiotonics, Anti arrhythmic agents, Antianginal
agents, Antihypertensive agents, Peripheral Vasodilators and drugs use in
arteriosclerosis
(viii) Drugs acting on the blood and blood forming organs. Haematinics,
Coagulants and anti-coagulants, Haemostatics, Blood substitutes and plasma
expanders.
(ix) Drugs affecting renal function - Diuretics and antidiuretics.
(x) Hormones and hormone antagonists - hypogly Ycemic agents, Antithyroid
drugs, sex hormones and oral contraceptives, Corticosteroids.
(xi) Drugs acting on digestive system - Carminatives, digestants Bitters,
Antacids and drugs used in Peptic ulcer, purgatives and laxativies,
Antidiarrhoeals, Emetics, Anti emetics, Anti-spasmodics.
Chemotherapy of microbial disease: Urinary antiseptics, Sulphanomides,
Pencillins, Streptomycin, Tetracyclines and other antibiotics, Antitubercular
agents Antifungal agents, antiviral drugs, antileprotic drugs.
7. Chemotherapy of protozoal diseases.
8. Chemotherapy of cancer.
9. Disinfectants and antiseptics.
A detailed study of the action of drugs on each organ is not necessary.
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